William BlakeS The Tyger Essays - The Tyger, William Blake, The Lamb

William Blake'S The Tyger Midterm Considerably after so long we as people despite everything inquire as to why abhorrence exists and where does it originate from. As expressed in William Blakes ground-breaking bit of verse The Tyger its hard for us as a people to recognize that such a fearsome animal who goes after humankind could have been made by God. In his work Blake moves toward the possibility of the tiger just like a dim and underhandedness animal made distinctly for obliteration Also, what shoulder and what workmanship Could turn the ligaments of thy heart? What's more, when thy heart started to pulsate, What fear hand? furthermore, what fear feet? Blake unmistakably watches the excellence of the animal yet appears to be progressively attracted to the dim secret of the animal. During the timeframe any animal that took human existence without respect was viewed as a work of the demon, an animal of Satan, however Blake then again had an alternate view that made certain to cause an annoyed in the public eye such huge numbers of years back. At the point when the stars tossed down their lances, What's more, watered paradise with their tears, Did He grin His work to see? Did He who made the sheep make thee? The general concept that God could have made this awful brute must have fringe lined on sin. In any case, when this sonnet is perused close by Blakes other piece the sheep, we begin to perceive what he implies. In the book of scriptures there is reference to the Lion setting down with the sheep as an indication of harmony, solidarity and concordance this is maybe what Blake was alluding to when he composed these two sonnets. He is maybe saying that regardless of how unique we are, or the haziness that may dwell with in some we can coincide together in light of the fact that we originate from a similar spot. English Essays

How to Ace Your AP Chemistry Labs

Instructions to Ace Your AP Chemistry Labs SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Labs assume a noteworthy job in AP Chemistry, and information on exploratory strategies is basic for the last, most important test. In case you're an AP Chemistry understudy (or are thinking about getting one), this guide will enable you to comprehend what's in store from the lab segments of the course. I'll give a diagram of the sorts of AP Chemistry labs you'll see, the measure of time you'll spend on them, and what a genuine lab technique resembles. You'll additionally figure out how lab reports are organized and what you can do during the lab to guarantee that you're taking advantage of your experience! What Are the Lab Requirements for AP Chemistry? Twenty-five percent of class time in AP Chemistry is given to labs, so they’re a major piece of the course.The College Board even says in the course portrayal that expanded lab time is related with higher AP scores!You will be relied upon to direct at any rate sixteen hands-on lab tests consistently, and at any rate six of those sixteen must be guided request labs. The College Board accentuates a request based methodology in the most cutting-edge educational plan rules for AP Chemistry.This implies that you’ll be approached to work freely on occasion. The educator will give a brief or question, however you'll structure the remainder of the lab.This offers you the chance to direct substantial analyses that test your theories without an instructor holding your hand the entire way. This methodology is outfitted towards helping understudies create logical ranges of abilities that they will utilize further down the road when there isn't an educator around to offer them the responses. In guided request labs, you will be required to: Think of a logical inquiry Choose which factors you will research Structure and lead test methodology Gather, investigate, decipher, and show information Present ends fittingly The other (up to) ten labs in the course might be customary instructor coordinated labs, however they will at present help the learning destinations of the course. A full rundown of AP Chemistry learning targets isolated by the primary topics or â€Å"Big Ideas†can be found on page 107 of the course guidelines.The objective for every lab is to fuse whatever number of these destinations as could be expected under the circumstances with the goal that understudies benefit from their time. Every lab will fill a need in helping you handle basic ideas in AP Chemistry. Which AP Chemistry Labs Will You Actually Have to Do? The AP Chemistry lab educational program offers a decent measure of flexibility.The College Board gives a lab manual to instructors that incorporates 16 guided request labs. Educators would then be able to pick at any rate six of those labs to lead in class.The other at least ten labs in the course might be instructor coordinated (customary, bit by bit labs where all understudies tail one definite method). Instances of lab points you may investigate in AP Chemistry include: Spectroscopy Decide the centralization of a solute in arrangement dependent on the shade of the arrangement Gravimetric Analysis of a Precipitate Discover the character of an obscure compound utilizing mass information Stoichiometry Decide the measure of broke down particles present in arrangement Solvency Decide the measure of broke down particles in arrangement Redox Titration Measure the measure of corrosive contained in an answer Response Rate Controlling factors to perceive how they influence substance response rates Vitality Decide change in vitality in different substance responses Harmony Augmenting yield in compound responses Powerless Acid Titration Reaching determinations about corrosive properties from a pH titration bend for a feeble corrosive Supports Investigate how supports are made and what decides their ability to oppose changes in pH Electrochemistry Utilizing electrolysis to prompt non-unconstrained synthetic responses Prepare to investigate the captivating and unnerving scene of minute particles that make up our reality. AP Chemistry Lab Example Here’s an increasingly explicit case of an AP Chemistry Lab.In this case, it was gotten from the AP Chemistry Lab Manual, so it’s a request based lab. Lab Title: The Preparation and Testing of an Effective Buffer: How Do Components Influence a Buffer's pH and Capacity?† Investigation Overview: In this examination, the pH of water and various different arrangements will be estimated, and afterward acids and bases will be added to perceive how the pH is influenced. A few cradle arrangements of various pH esteems will be arranged and tried for their capacity to oppose change in pH. This covers the accompanying AP Chemistry learning objective (LO 6.18):The understudy can plan a support arrangement with an objective pH and cradle limit by choosing a fitting conjugate corrosive base pair and evaluating the fixation expected to accomplish the ideal limit. Materials Needed: Equipment: Offset with 0.01-gram exactness Four 100 mL measuring glasses Three pipets Buret, ring stand, buret clasp Two 250 mL Erlenmeyer cups Two graduated chambers, 25 mL and 100 mL pH meter Mixing pole Wash bottle and refined water Concoction Solutions: 20 mL Acetic corrosive, 0.10 M 20 mL alkali, 0.10 M 20 mL ammonium chloride, 0.10 M 5 mL HCl, 0.10 M 1 mL of 1 percent Phenolphthalein 20 mL sodium acetic acid derivation, 0.10 M 40 mL sodium chloride, 0.10 M 5 mL sodium hydroxide, 0.10 M Obscure strong corrosive example, 2.0 g Wellbeing Precautions (a critical piece of every lab, particularly when you’re managing solid acids!): Wear compound sprinkle goggles, synthetic safe gloves, and a substance safe cover. Wash hands completely with cleanser and water before leaving the research facility. System: Section 1: pH Changes in Non-cradled Solutions 1. Spot 20 mL of refined or deionized water in a 100 mL measuring glass. Test the pH utilizing a pH meter. Record the pH.2. Utilizing a pipet, include one drop of 0.10 M HCl, mix the arrangement and again test and record the pH.3. Rehash stage 2 with a second and third drop of 0.10 M HCl.4. Rehash stages 1-3 with 20 mL of 0.10 M NaCl solution.5. Spot 20 mL of refined or deionized water in a 100 mL measuring utencil. Test the pH utilizing a pH meter. Record the pH.6. Utilizing a pipet, include one drop of 0.10 M NaOH, mix the arrangement and again test the pH and record.7. Rehash stage 6 with a second and third drop of 0.10 M NaOH.8. Rehash stages 5-7 with 20 mL of 0.10 M NaCl arrangement. Section 2: pH Changes in Buffered Solutions 9. To set up a cushion, utilize 25 mL graduated chamber to include 10 mL of 0.10 M HC2H3O2 and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NaC2H3O2 to a 100 mL beaker.10. Measure the pH of the cradle arrangement and record.. Include 1 drop of 0.10 M HCl, mix, measure and record the pH.12. Rehash step for two extra drops of 0.10 M HCl.13. Set up a new example of the HC2H3O2 - C2H3O2-cradle as in sync 9.14. Rehash steps and 12 by including 0.10 M NaOH.15. Set up an essential support by consolidating 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NH3 and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NH4Cl in a 100 mL beaker.16. Rehash steps and 12 for this essential support solution.17. Rehash stage 14 by setting up a new example of the essential support and testing it with a dropwise expansion of three drops of 0.10 M NaOH. Section 3: Preparation of Buffer of a Given pH 18. Weigh out 1.8 to 2.0 g of a strong corrosive doled out to you.19. Break down the corrosive in 150 mL of refined water in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer cup (carafe 1).20. Pour 75 mL of this arrangement into a second 250 mL Erlenmeyer jar (cup 2), include 2 drops of phenolphthalein arrangement, and titrate to the phenolphthalein shading change with 0.20 M NaOH. Record the volume of titrant. You currently have an answer of a feeble corrosive in cup 1, and an answer of the sodium salt of the frail corrosive (its conjugate base) in the second cup 2. Make the centralizations of the two arrangements the equivalent by including a similar volume of refined water to the corrosive cup 1 as the volume of NaOH you used to titrate the arrangement in cup 2.21. Consolidate 10.0 mL of your feeble corrosive arrangement in carafe 1 with 10.0 mL of the conjugate base arrangement in jar 2, blend, and measure the pH and record. This is the pKa of the acid.22. Your instructor will dole out you the pH of a suppor t to get ready. Ascertain the volume of powerless corrosive and conjugate base that you should plan 50 mL of a cushion of the relegated pH. 23. Measure out the volumes of corrosive and conjugate base, blend at that point measure and record the pH.24.Test your cushion answer for check whether it opposes changes in pH by estimating 20.0 mL of the and including 3 drops of 0.10 M HCl, and rehashing with 20.0 mL of cradle and 3 drops of NaOH. Record the pH esteems after every expansion. End Questions: 1. Talk about how the expansion of corrosive and base to refined water influenced its pH.2. Examine how the expansion of corrosive and base to 0.10 M NaCl arrangement influenced its pH.3. Examine how the expansion of corrosive and base to the acidic corrosive acetic acid derivation particle support influenced the pH.4. Examine how the expansion of corrosive and base to the alkali ammonium particle support influenced the pH.5. Did your readied cradle coordinate your alloted pH esteem? Explain.6. Remark on the capacity of your readied cradle to oppose the difference in pH when corrosive and base were included the last advance of the examination. Notice that this lab at last requires autonomous critical thinking aptitudes with respect to the student.You must make your own support arrangement of a specific pH and afterward test it to check whether it’s effective.While the system is unmistakably spread out, it won’t be actually the equivalent for each person.You could concoct more than one approach to make the last cushion answer for some random pH, so the lab is adaptable relying upon how you consider the problem.This sort of lab urges you to utilize information on science to take care of an issue innovatively. All the bits of the riddle are there for guided

A Hanging Audience Essay Research Paper I free essay sample

A Hanging Audience Essay, Research Paper I had neer acknowledged destructing a sound, witting grown-up male. Subsequent to perusing and understanding George Orwell s sentiments through his encounters in his paper A Hanging. We come to perceive that George Orwell, a visitant from the European constitution, finds the opportunity to participate in the executing of a Hindu grown-up male. We understand that the author is debased by what he has seen and experienced, and chooses to divide his sentiments with the rest of the constitution through his Hagiographas. We comprehend that the author s plan is to demo how defiled he feels by the occasions that took topographic point that forenoon in Burma. All through his article the author appears, that the prisoners are dealt with like vivify creatures. We see this when the author is delineating the cells, he states, We were holding up outside the denounced cells, a column of sheds fronted with double bars, similar to minimal fleshly coops. We will compose a custom article test on A Hanging Audience Essay Research Paper I or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page We other than observe this clear when he is delineating the way it took six gatekeepers to accompany a tiny wisp of a grown-up male. He says, It resembled work powers dealing with a fish which is as yet alive and may jump once again into the H2O. The author s plan is to other than let the crowd to comprehend the way the watchmen and manager felt towards the prisoners. We see this when the regulator is vexed in light of the fact that the executing is running delinquently, and says, For God s intrigue flurry up, Francis. Also, The grown-up male should hold been dead by this clasp. This permits the peruser to see the inconsiderateness the approval has towards the prisoners. We see that the essayist s purpose is to let the perusers to comprehend that the hostages were non treated humanly, and permits us to see the negative mentalities the approval had towards the prisoners. Knowing and understanding the author s goal, we see what he is accustomed to and what his place of position is. We see that the author is individual that does non hold with the exercises that happen in the local jail. It makes the essayist feel awkward with the constitution and its processs. The author understands the impropriety in executing individual who s populating a sound life, we see this when the essayist territories, I saw the puzzler, the indefinable unseemliness, of stopping a real existence when it is in full tide. Despite the fact that he does non article to these activities he does non hold with them. Through this we see that the author s purpose of position is individual who comprehends that the occasions that took topographic point that forenoon in Burma, were non humanist and debasing. Since we comprehend the scholars reason and purpose of position, we take a gander at whom the author is pointing his exposition to. We see that the author is offering his thoughts and his encounters to the European judge and constitution. One significant way of seeing this is through the author s way of explicitly delineating the jail itself and even the way the watchmen introduced themselves. This is clear when the author portrays the way hangman's tree showed up. He states, It was a block hard-on like three sides of a shed, with planking on top, or more that two pillars and a crossbar with the rope suspension. We see that the essayist s crowd is the constitution and judge, non just through the way he depicted things in thing, by and by it is other than clear in his semantic correspondence. By joining the way the author felt, his place of position and his crowd. we inevitably concur that George Orwell was so corrupted by the occasions that took topographic point that forenoon, that he genuinely needed the rest of the individuals in the constitution to hear what's more perceive the impropriety of the occasions that take topographic point non simply that forenoon, however conceivably every twenty-four hours in a local town called Burma. What's more, conceivably George Rowel was so upset by his experience, that he felt the best way to ease his thrashing and choler, would be through offering his account to the individuals who may see the injustice and help better the situation itself.

Hypertext Fiction Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Hypertext Fiction At the point when you read a run of the mill paper book, your activity as the peruser is essentially to peruse what the writer lets you know and get it. Printed books are a direct method of recounting to a story, where the writer picks the specific way the story ought to be told and deciphered. Jay David Bolter talks about in his book Writing Space that hypertext fiction will reclassify the connection between the peruser and the writer of a book. With printed content, the peruser has an unmistakably characterized job, where the individual in question takes in the story precisely as it is advised with no state regarding where it is going or how they ought to decipher it. With the improvement of hypertext fiction, the peruser can go too far into being a kind of creator by choosing alternatives in the story. The peruser can make a story fit to them inside the limits of the hypertext piece overall. At the point when a printed book is perused, the writer turns out to be a greater amount of a position figure. The writer is the maker of the content and is held in high respect by the peruser. Be that as it may, in hypertext fiction, the writer is essentially making a story where perusers are allowed to move around and settle on their own decisions about the story with a couple of impediments set by the writer. Bolter depicts it by saying on page 168, â€Å"†¦Hypertext scholars have indicated how the electronic medium can suit an alternate connection among writer and peruser. Not, at this point a scary figure, an electronic creator accept the job of a craftsperson, working with endorsed materials and objectives. She works inside the confinements of a PC framework, and she forces further restrictions upon her readers†¦the peruser may all around become the author’s enemy, looking to make the content over toward a path that the writer... ...ver the peruser. Hypertext doesn't remove the job of the writer, it essentially obscures the line among peruser and writer that exists in composed content. It is my own conviction that over the long haul, the job of the peruser and the creator will be increasingly more traded. With the limit between the two previously blurring, it is conceivable that there will be hypertexts where somebody can be a peruser and an essayist simultaneously. Proceeding with propels in innovation and composing will continually rethink the jobs of everybody included, it is basically society’s choice to acknowledge the progressions that will continue obscuring the line between the customary peruser and creator. Catalog Bolter, Jay David. Composing Space. second ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Partners, 2001. Fisher, Caitlin. These Waves of Girls. <http://www.yorku.ca/caitlin/waves/>.

Vietnam war book review essays

Vietnam war book audit papers The American Experience in Vietnam War The book covers data from the early long periods of the war in 1954 as far as possible in 1975. It is composed by Grace Sevy, who is an independent educator at Stanford University. For a large portion of the part, she portrays the story from an impartial and third individual viewpoint. The book contains 5 sections in a sequential request that investigate the significant fights, the job of media and the fallout and significance of the war. America had the option to utilize the most recent improvements in the war against North Vietnam. B-52 aircraft flew at statures that kept them from being seen and dropped 8 million tons of bombs on Vietnam. Another scandalous bomb was the napalm. It had a clingy gel that joined to the skin and a touching off operator that consumed skin. The pineapple bomb was comprised of 250 pellets inside a little canister. One of the serious issues looked by the US powers were the Vietcong, who covered up in the backwoods in Vietnam and propelled shock assaults. They showered a concoction, Agent Orange, noticeable all around that annihilated woodlands and furthermore caused chromosomal harm in individuals. Synthetic concoctions, for example, Agent Blue were splashed on crops so that would cut the gracefully for the Vietcong. All the synthetic concoctions were liable for genuine medical issues and malady flare-ups. The Gulf of Tonkin occurrence prompted the heightening of US association in Vietnam. On August 2, 1964, the Maddox was directing a DeSoto watch, alluding to an undercover work strategic. The motivation behind this strategic to gather knowledge on radar and waterfront guards of North Vietnam. Be that as it may, the North Vietnamese torpedo watch vessels assaulted the Maddox. The U.S.S. Ticonderoga sent airplane to repulse the North Vietnamese assailants and sunk one pontoon while harming other foe vessels. While trying to conceivably bait the North Vietnamese into a commitment, both the Maddox and the C. Turner Joy were in the bay on August 4. The skipper of the Maddox had deciphered his boat ... <!

Captain Shannons Character The Question of the Dehumanizing Effects of War - Literature Essay Samples

Arguably, The First Casualty by Ben Elton presents the character of Captain Shannon as depraved and dehumanised by the effects of WW1, but perhaps the savage nature of war simply brought out a barbarous side to him that had always been there. The novel is based on the proverb ‘the first casualty of war is truth’, and this is depicted through society’s perception of Shannon as a stereotypical brave and selfless soldier, when the truth is that he often behaves in a callous and ruthless manner towards those he encounters, demonstrating that the true nature of war was not always obvious to those who were not in the midst of it. Arguably, one of the key purposes of Shannon’s character is to portray how the war could imbrute a man, as well as to juxtapose the sentimentality of the other renowned soldier in the text, Abercrombie, as the two men respond completely differently when faced with the hostility of war. Contextually, soldiers had many different ways that they would cope with the emotional trauma they faced, often turning to alcohol, humour, or in Shannon’s case, an extremely narcissistic amd carpe diem attitude. This could interestingly be perceived as his own vile nature coming out of its shell, or the harrowing effects of the war that have warped his mind, opening up the debate of whether his dehumanisation is utterly involuntary, or whether the war has given him an excuse to show his true colours without much repercussion. As Elton initially introduces Shannon, it is apparent that he has a strong disregard for others and a lack of empathy, dehumanising those around him and enjoying his own brutal sarcasm and cocky attitude. He straight away takes pride in the fact that he designed his own rubber bullet to harm, but not seriously injure Kingsley to get him out of prison, and shows no remorse in the fact that he â€Å"tested it on stray dogs†, figures who are innocent, just like the men he fights alongside in the trenches, portraying how he is utterly desensitised to death as an effect of living on the front line. Furthermore, he seems amused as he describes how Kingsley â€Å"went down like a sack of coal† after he shot him, showing an eerie confidence in himself and is indifferent to the effect that his actions had on Kingsley physically harming him, as well as telling his family that he is dead, throwing away his chance of imminent reconciliation with them. Shannon begins to provoke Kin gsley further, perhaps without even realising he’s doing it, saying how his son, George, won’t mind believing his father is dead, telling him â€Å"he’d have felt quite the odd one out with you above ground.† Contextually, this may have been true as an estimated 37 million people died during WW1, both in combat, disease, and bombing of civilian areas, and so a majority of children will have grown up without fathers, and so we Shannon can’t really be condemned for his honesty, even if it is brutally to the point. The shame of a father like George’s being known as both alive and a conscientious objector during this period would often have resulted in being socially shunned, and sometimes physically and verbally assaulted for being associated with a ‘traitorous’ CO. However, he does demonstrate inexcusable cruelty towards Kingsley when he states â€Å"quite frankly, you make my skin crawl. Agnes Beaumont could’ve done so much better, and perhaps she will†, a very apathetic quip to assert dominance over Kingsley and to make him feel inferior, giving Shannon himself a boost to his ego. However, he is simply reflecting similar sentiments every other character in the novel so far, and so may just be a byproduct of the jingoistic society of the time, partially excusing his hatred towards Kingsley as a conscientious objector as he has come to expect to be treated in such a derogatory manner and is therefore unsurprised. Interestingly, Elton comments that â€Å"benea th that smooth exterior, Kingsley sensed the soul of a violent man†, and as a perceptive man and an ex-detective, we can trust Kingsley’s innate perception and sense of the destruction that is to follow. Shannon’s conceited manner increases at their visit to Folkestone pier as he speaks disparagingly of the older men performing there for not openly contributing to the war effort and for not being on the front line instead of him. He suggests that their lives have far less value than his own, asking rhetorically â€Å"it doesn’t take a lot of youth and vigour to stroll ten yards then get shot to bits by the Boche, does it?†, demonstrating his selfish and egotistical manner. Although, perhaps he is so forward with this statement out of fear of returning to the front line, willing to volunteer anyone at all to take his place if he could get away with it. Arguably, this does not excuse his horrible treatment of anyone he encounters, claiming â€Å"I’d kill him for a thruppence’, devaluing the man’s life and exposing Shannon’s violent nature, and suggesting he enjoys such sadistic acts. These are likely to be effects that the war has had o n his character, bringing out the worst in him, but surely these sentiments must’ve been present to begin with and then amplified by his experiences at war? Else we could expect all soldiers to be similarly as devoid of sentimentality as he is, which we can clearly see through Abercrombie’s character that this is not the case. Interestingly, Elton provides an explanation to why Shannon behaves so egocentrically, stating that â€Å"the sun will not shine for long. I am bound soon to die.† This arguably justifies his carpe diem attitude as he wants to make the most of the limited time he has left, disregarding the emotions of those who are not on the battlefield as he feels they already have the privilege of not constantly fearing for their lives or watching their friends be â€Å"shot to bits†. His tone appears confident as though he does not fear death, he simply wishes to focus on nobody’s satisfaction but his own for the remainder of his life. Th is statement evokes a little sympathy from the reader as he is so resigned to his fate and he has nothing else to live for other than himself, but even most other soldiers in a similar position would have a little more regard for the feelings of those around them and more of a conscience. Elton also describes how Shannon â€Å"pushed his way through the afternoon strollers without apology† further exemplifying his ruthlessly robotised character, a lasting effect that the war has had on his mental state, warping his perception of what is socially acceptable and what is not. The fact that â€Å"Shannon turned many female heads† by â€Å"looking splendid in his uniform† exemplifies how society would often judge soldiers on their smart exterior, assuming the typicality of soldiers being fearless, courageous, and strong. Arguably, Shannon is all three of these things, but what society did not always expect was the chance of a soldier like him also being narcissistic, lecherous, and a rapist. This portrays how Shannon uses his uniform as a mask for the reality of his awful persona and how he takes advantage of his privileged position as an officer, continuing the theme of truth versus deception throughout the novel. Shannon shows a grossly lascivious side to his character as he refers to young women as â€Å"little teases† and comments on how they â€Å"know the score†, suggesting he views them as purely sexual objects there to satisfy his lustful needs and to visually please soldiers such as himself. He even mentions his own â₠¬Å"credo† being â€Å"any drink. Any meal. Any girl. Any time.† The fact that â€Å"any girl† is only third on his list implies how he perceives women to be of lesser importance than material goods, and suggests that he feels they at his disposal at â€Å"any time† he wishes. This quote demonstrates his fearlessness and how lucky he feels to be alive after all he’s faced at war, and so he takes advantage of the time he has left, even though he is undoubtedly a lecherous character, perhaps enhanced by his experiences at war. Even Kingsley, arguably a very moral individual, cannot fault his logic, admitting that â€Å"it does make a lot of sense†. However, saying â€Å"any† girl shows his misogynistic views how he does not value each woman individually and simply wants to use them for their bodies, clearly exemplified when he leads on Violet, pretending to be a perfect gentlemen and taking her on a date before violently assaulting her. Elton’s description of Shannon at this point is ominous and uncomfortable â€Å"his easy smile had become a cross between a leer and a snarl. He was on the hunt.† This animalistic language portrays him as predatory and extremely unnerving, a clear example of the lengths he will go to to achieve what he wants. Perhaps this desensitisation is useful whilst at war as he is able to kill the opposition without guilt or resentment, but when he is outside of a war setting, this behaviour becomes extremely unsettling and completely socially unacceptable , showing how the war has moulded him to become a vicious character that he struggles to break away from, portraying how the war has dehumanised and demoralised him. Overall, Elton portrays Shannon’s lack of humanity and compassion, perhaps partially due to the war, but the extremity of his savage manner must have roots residing in who he is as a person, with the war contribution to his horrid manner by bringing out the worst in him, or perhaps giving him the excuse to show the worst in himself.

The Benefits of Closing Sentence

The Benefits of Closing Sentence A Startling Fact about Closing Sentence Uncovered When ending an official letter, it's important to convey the correct amount of respect to the individual receiving the letter. Don't forget, you're hoping the individual who receives your letter doesn't have any memory of your closing in the slightest. In order to earn a great impression, your letter should be flawlessly constructed. Thus, your cover letter has to be a bit of writing that describes your achievements and the way you will assist the company succeed. You also have to understand how to compose a persuasive essay, namely how to organize components of the persuasive essay in the manner in which that will get the job done best. You file a claim in the subject of the essay, and it's your job as an author to supply hard evidence in support of your point within the body of your essay. You may want to amplify the principal point of an essay or set it in a different perspective for setti ng a bigger context. Ending an essay with similar scenario might help to show your point and make a better understanding. Closing Sentence Help! The conclusion is the conclusion of the paragraph. It is crucial to commence a case with a strong closing argument as a way to communicate your case and make certain that the jury understands your perspective. A concluding sentence may be used to provide a summary of the principal points of the paragraph. A concluding sentence ought to be an overview of the former discussion, not incorporate any new info. In the event the writer has not had a chance to interject an opinion about the subject, the last thought is the previous opportunity to achieve that. Writer's block is a lot of bullshit. Failing to realize it is utilized to close the last thoughts on a subject is a typical mistake many writers make. If your primary aim is to keep the relationship for the future, then you are able to end by saying that you want to continue the same type of relationship later on. Try to remember, you would like to ensure it is clear in your cover letter the way the employer will profit from your experience and qualifications. Simply take a look at a number of the very best business letter closings you will encounter. If you're not certain, reserve casual closings for friends and loved ones. There are specific closings that you wish to avoid in any business letter. Closing Sentence - the Story There are chances the majority of the time that you prepare an outstanding opening so you're suggested to use a number of the fantastic words from your opening as people will have the ability to recall your speech properly. Every area of the cover letter plays an essential role in assisting you to shine a positive light on your candidacy, and that has the closing. A valid rule is one which you would consistently wish that everybody would follow, and an invalid rule is one which you wouldn't consistently want to see universalized. If you obscure the facts, you're defeating the objective. True, it is a small bit about summary, but nevertheless, it should take your essay one step further. Lots of people write the previous sentence of the letter in such a manner they can cover all the essential points of the communication. If you have questions regarding my candidacy, please don't hesitate to get in touch with me. Repeating your key message at the conclusion of the letter can help to guarantee that the reader doesn't miss it. Facts, Fiction and Closing Sentence Lots of individuals are always discussing the need to be saved. On the flip side, some folks use the previous sentence in such a manner it can supply them a chance to provide some instructions. Well, as it happens, it is a small bit more complicated than that. The word doesn't indicate the exact same issue to everyone. Where to Find Closing Sentence There are a number of ways to close a letter. A complimentary close, also called a complimentary closing, is the expression inserted ahead of your signature in an email message or an official letter. It's also important to include your contact info in your letter. The closing of your company email is similar to the closing of a company letter. Closing a business letter utilizing good e xpert etiquette produces a huge effect on the recipient. When you compose a closing statement for a company, you want to keep in mind the most important objective of the company. Even should a company is closing, or the employee is making some new moves in the industry sector, it's important to be professional. After a note of thanks for the terrific services, the reason behind closing down the company is informed together with the date for the exact same. The Pain of Closing Sentence After you have carefully crafted your closing sentences there are many ways to end a letter with a suitable closing or sign off. Once you are finished with closing your letter, then don't neglect to re-read it to be able to find out mistakes, if any. So it's important to highlight the essential ones on the closing statement. If so, then you may mention in the closing of a letter which you would earn a call on a subsequent date. Unsurprisingly, the reply to the survey question was extremely in triguing. Thus, the themes are somewhat more widespread, depending upon the conditions of the crime. Semi-formal closings can do the job for colleagues you recognize well or peers. Many factors demonstrate that.

A Strategy For Modeling Salton Sea Basin Future Climate...

Results: A Strategy For Modeling Salton Sea Basin Future Climate Scenarios Based On Relationships Between Evapotranspiration And Precipitation A comparison of the averaged weather station datasets versus the historic individual weather station datasets was made for both precipitation and Eto. The averaged monthly dataset preserved seasonality for both precipitation and Eto as illustrated in the figures. Notably, for the months of February, March, and April, the average monthly precipitation volume was lower than the actual weather station historic data. This occurred for two reasons: 1) the disparity in the number of observations between the two weather station datasets and the average resulting in the largest number of observations†¦show more content†¦The results of the two test statistics differed at times, i.e., listing two different curves as providing the â€Å"best† fit. In the fore-mentioned situation, a final decision pertaining to the â€Å"best† fit was made based on a visual assessment of the figures. Precipitation Events and Eto Levels The importance of using monthly data instead of annual data for the Salton Sea Basin. Further, the two models: (1) (Logit Y1,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12) Month = Constant + X1 Prcp, and (2) (Logit Y1,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12) Month = Constant + X1 Eto, established that some months were significantly different than others concerning the amounts of precipitation and Eto, respectively. The relationships between the duration of precipitation events (‘CatEvent’) on the volume of precipitation (‘PrcpAmt’ and ‘CatVol’), and also on Eto volumes. A plot of the precipitation and Eto observations, percentage or percentage of observations of a given magnitude, respectively, by month was also made. The negative relationship between precipitation and Eto was tested statistically using two multinomial logistic regression models and one binomial logistic regression model, respectively: (3) (Logit Y0,...4) PrcpAmt = Constant + X1 Eto, (4) (Logit Y0,†¦.5) CatEvent = Constant + X1 Eto, and (5) (Logit Y0,1) RainEvent = Constant + X1 Eto. The

Boko Haram Political System Essay - 1964 Words

Boko Haram has been terrorizing Nigeria and surrounding countries for years, with noticeable increases in power over the last five years. Best estimates indicate that the Boko Haram insurgency rose to power in the 2000s with the goal of promoting strict adherence to Islamic Shari’a Law throughout Nigeria (Bussey, Chasse, Martin, 2016). The group found footing quickly; frustrations with the faulty political system and lack of economic and social development in northern Nigeria allowed the group to recruit large numbers of members and gain momentum. In 2009, the groups leader, Muhammed Yusuf was murdered. This, coupled with increasing economic and social tensions across Nigeria caused the group to become increasingly aggressive. The group executed a prison break of over 700 prisoners in 2010 and performed the well-known kidnapping of over 200 school girls in 2014. This kidnapping truly brought global attention to the acts of terror the group was committing for the first time (On ouha, 2012). United State’s Citizens became increasingly involved, leading to the spread of the â€Å"Bring Back our Girls† movement. As United States interest in Boko Haram increased, the hostility of the group increased. In 2014, according to the Global Terrorism Index, deaths attributed to Boko Haram rose by 314%, attributing to the groups ranking as the most dangerous terrorist group in the world (Institute for Economics and Peace, 2015). After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the United States has been aShow MoreRelatedBoko Haram : A Islamic Organization1445 Words   |  6 Pages Boko Haram is a militant Islamic group based in northeastern Nigeria, but is also active in northern Cameroon, Chad, and Niger (â€Å"Boko Haram Fast Facts† 1). Their main purpose as an organization is to institute Sharia, which is known as Islamic law (â€Å"Boko Haram Fast Facts† 1). In the local Hausa dialect, one of the largest ethnic groups spoken in West Africa, Boko Haram means â€Å"Western education is forbidden† (â€Å"Boko Haram Fast Facts† 1). The group is also referred to as Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awatiRead MoreBoko Haram Is The Most Powerful Group1468 Words   |  6 Pagesinto an arrangement of shocking terror unbridled by Boko Haram. Nigeria has always been at the heart of security threatening challenges, but Boko Haram is the most powerful group as of yet. Boko Haram has claimed responsibility for many bombings and other terrorist activities north and central Nigeria, thus placing Nigeria on the verge of dissolution. Till date, terror caused by Boko Hara has resulted in an estimate of about 10,000 deaths. Boko Haram, officially called Jama’tu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’AwatiRead MoreINSECURITY IN NIGERIA1454 Words   |  6 Pages TOPIC: INSECURITY POVERTY AND INSURGENCY IN NIGERIA: THE BOKO HARAM CHALLENGE. 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Exploring American Culture´s Dark Spot Essay - 582 Words

Exploring American cultures dark spot Educational expectations may create academic dishonesty incentive Jay Z, Jay Gatsby, and Al Capone all reside in the same weak place in the hearts of Americans. These three men represent our nation’s twisted admiration for masterful cheaters. Americans are intrigued by these men, seduced by their risk-taking and their subsequent success and fame. The majority of society is not made up of criminals, gamblers, or drug-dealers. But cheating is prominent on a smaller scale, in more realistic acts. Recently, educational cheating scandals seem to be gripping the nation, or at least the media. One explanation for recently publicized academic dishonesty is that students feel†¦show more content†¦200 educators from 40 schools were involved in a cheating scandal in Atlanta. At one school, educators had weekend pizza parties to correct wrong answers on test documents together. As a result, the schools scores increased 45 percent. We were told to get these scores by any means nec essary. We were told our jobs were on the line, said Sidnye Fells, a fourth grade teacher in Atlanta to ABC news. In 2004, educators encouraged 500 high school students in Alabama to drop out before the test to increase the school’s score. Some public school activists attribute teachers’ cheating scandals to the high expectations of standardized tests. Across the country, educators and parents have participated in protests against heavy reliance on standardized test scores in deciding a teacher or school’s success. Standardized tests provide administrators and state government with an objective evaluation of students’ knowledge. Ohio will implement the new teacher evaluation system in the 2014-2015 school year. Teacher performance ratings will comprise 50 percent of the evaluation. The remaining 50 percent relies on improvements in student test scores. Teachers will receive one of four possible grades: accomplished, skilled, developing, and ineffective. Each district’s board of education must decide how teacher’s evaluations will be used to determine promotions and terminations. â€Å"Quote from Sycamore Teacher aboutShow MoreRelatedHistorical Places Of Ghost And Dark Tourism1822 Words   |  8 Pagesmeaning of history and culture of historical places. Many cities and towns around the world profit when visitors go to haunted sites where ghosts and supernatural activity have been present. Tourists and tourism companies have different motives for exploring and hosting tours of historical landmarks. 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It deals mainly with Freudian theories which explore the dark vaults of the psyche of the charactersRead MoreEssay MKT 505 ASSIGNMENT 34730 Words   |  19 Pagesavailability of power, labor availability and cost, laws, work culture and customers preference, and proximity to resources and/or markets. On balance, after a careful analyzes of the political and cultural environment of India as well as the various types of legal systems Eco-Pave is sure that joint-venture is the best mode of entry choice. Exhibit 1 Exhibit 2 India Economic Outlook Dark green: Important economic data. Dark yellow: Important data related to our business. Created from:

Is Andy Warhol a Genius of Art and Culture - 793 Words

This research paper studies the graft and career of Andy Warhol and presents the question of whether Warhol should be regarded--as a genius of art or a culture thief. Many credit Andy Warhol with revolutionizing and influencing 20th Century art and culture. However, Although Warhol had a successful and rewarding life; His childhood was nothing less than average. His life was a struggle: As young lad he contracted rheumatic fever and as a result he suffered from neurological problems. His was born of Czechoslovakian immigrants who relocated to Pittsburgh before his birth on August 6, 1928. Like many other artists, Warhol before his time, Warhol had an interest in art from a tender age. Warhol’s mother had an enormous influence on his art. She stimulated his artistic nature by encouraging him to paint: She would often buy him candy as a reward for painting. He was orphaned at young age as his father died and he was left in the care of his elder brother while his mother worked. W arhol was known to satirically talk about his young hood. He often expressed how he missed his childhood when his brother would make him a sandwich and Campbell’s soup for lunch. This later became the focus of one of his painting cycles. Warhol talked about how his mother, Julia often took him to free Saturday afternoon art classes at a local museum. Warhol would stay late and wonder the museum observing the displayed paintings. His father set aside the funds for Warhol to go to college and in theShow MoreRelatedChanging Role of the Artist from Different Times1695 Words   |  7 PagesArt is contemporarily defined as the product or process of deliberately arranging symbolic elements in a way that influences and affects the senses, emotions, and/or intellect. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression. 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Creating a Business Idea free essay sample

Idea Recently the United States government has released funds for creating small businesses. An opportunity to acquire government funding for a business venture is one to take advantage of and to put dreams into reality. The intent of this paper is to outline the three main forms of business organizations including the tax and legal implications as well as the accounting requirements for each structure. In addition, this paper proposes creating a small business of a women’s only gym while weighing in the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of business organizations which are sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. To start the process of forming a business there are three main forms of business organizations that a potential small business owner must choose from. Three of the main business organizations used in the market place today includes sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. Deciding on a business structure appropriate for a new business will have long-term impacts and it is crucial to weigh all the choices. The following must be considered: the desired level of control, tax implications, risk of lawsuits, and the level of personal liability (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). Reviewing available options and selecting an appropriate form of business organization is the first step to creating a successful company. Before determining the preferred type of organization for the women’s gym, here is an outline of the key attributes of each form. A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). An advantage of sole proprietorship is it is simple to establish and gives the owner control over the business (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). This is always a great advantage for someone who wants to open a business because it gives them leeway to run their business however they choose. In addition to advantages, a sole proprietorship does have its disadvantages. A sole proprietor is personally liable for debts of the business (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). In other words, the owner is risking his or her personal assets to liquidation if the business is not successful. A partnership is owned by two or more individuals and has shared control over the business (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). This is a great advantage because partners can bring their own unique skills and resources into the business. The partners should formalize their duties and contributions in a written partnership agreement (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). This agreement states who does what in the business and also how much money each of the partners put into the new business. It is sometimes common for one partner to put in more money than the other as well. Like a sole proprietorship, all partners are personally liable for debts of the business (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). If the business is not successful then the partners are liable for the money or assets they put into the partnership agreement. A corporation is much different than a sole proprietorship and partnership. A corporation is a business organized as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). An investor in a corporation would receive shares of stock to indicate ownership in the company (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). This means that the investors are stockholders in the corporation and own part of the company. An advantage of a corporation business organization is that buying stock is often more attractive than investing in a partnership because shares of stock are easy to sell or easy to transfer ownership (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). Therefore, it is easier for corporations to raise funds and become more successful in the end (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). A corporation has no personal liability but it does have some disadvantages when it comes to taxes and legal implications. It is important for a small business, no matter what the business organization, to communicate with its internal and external users. Creditors, investors, and management need to know what the business owes and owns and looks at the business’ four different financial statements which are the balance sheet, income statement, retained earnings statement, and statement of cash flows. These four financial statements are considered the backbone of financial accounting and show special significance, but ultimately, each has one common goal: to show internal and external users where the money is in the company. No matter what form of business organization the small business is they all need to prepare these four financial statements. The income statement deals with the revenues and expenses a company incurs for a period of time (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). This financial statement reports the success or failure of the company’s operating and non-operating activities. The retained earnings statement shows the amounts and causes of changes in retained earnings during the period (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). This statement brings together the beginning and ending retained earnings for the period, using information such as net income from the company’s other financial statements. A company’s balance sheet reports assets and claims to assets at a specific point in time (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). In other words, the balance sheet summarizes a company’s assets, liabilities, and stockholder’s equity. These three segments give investors, creditors, and managers an idea as to what the company owns and owes, as well as the amount invested by the shareholders. The balance sheet must, and always, follow the following formula: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholder’s Equity (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). The fourth and final financial statement is the statement of cash flows. This is used to provide financial information about the cash receipts and cash payments of a business for a specific period of time (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). Cash flow is determined by looking at three components by which cash enters and leaves a company through their operating, investing, and financing activities. No matter what type of business organization or how big or small the business is it needs to have all four of these financial statements prepared for investors, creditors, and management. The following consequences associated with each form of business organization are tax and legal implications and accounting implications such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). These factors need to be greatly considered when deciding which organizational form to choose. If someone chooses sole proprietorship or partnership, they generally receive more favorable tax treatment than a corporation (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). However, repeated again proprietors and partners are personally liable for all debts of the business; corporate stockholders are not (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). It is important and ethical that every business is honest in their financial statements to investors, creditors, and their stakeholders. In 2002 Congress passes the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) to reduce unethical corporate behavior and decrease the likelihood of future corporate scandals (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009). This act prevents businesses from embellishing on what they own or owe on their financial statements and to give investors more confidence in corporate accounting. In 1973, FASB was established to create and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting that foster financial reporting by nongovernmental entities that provides decision-useful information to investors and other users of financial reports (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2012). To accomplish the mission, the application of comprehensive and independent processes encourages broad participation, objectively deem to all stakeholders’ views, and focus on the oversight by the Financial Accounting Foundation’s Board of Trustees (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2012). These standards are very important to the efficient functioning of the economy and internationally. Having more and more businesses be international only intensifies the importance of SOX and FASB to have international comparability with all financial statements. The hypothetical small business will be a women’s only gym. This gym will be a safe haven for all women who are self conscious or just feel more comfortable exercising in a gym where there are no men around. In this women only gym, they would be more likely to give and receive open advice on their health condition and their workout plan. With women trainers, females could likely get better advice as well as have options for activities that may not be available in co-ed gyms. The overall goal of this women only gym is to allow females to exercise in a safe and non stereotypical environment to help them have healthy lives. The choice of business organization form for this gym is a partnership. The reason for this is to allow two or more people, women of course, to be involved in this business adventure and put forth their own unique skills and resources. There is no need for this company to be a corporation because it is meant to be operated in a small town and the partners of this women only gym will have enough money to start it up without stockholders. Many future business owners jump into decisions without proper deliberation and research. If you do not consider the benefits and liabilities of each business form it can be costly. There are many risks and factors in starting a business but if the owner knows the capital requirements of the business, government restrictions, and personal liability then they will most likely choose the right business form to help their business expand and be successful in the future.

Information Technology in the Tourism-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the use of Information Technology in the Tourism and Hospitality Industries. Answer: Introduction It is mandatory for tourism and hospitality industries to adopt new technologies to compete favorably with business rivals. The companies must design new distribution models to cope up with environmental changes. A sustainable information management system should ensure coordination of Information Technology, processes and managing information. Reports have it that in tourism and hospitality industries, information technology applies in three ways; guest services, management information and operational areas (Benckendorf, 2014). Application of Information Technology has given rise to new services including; interactive video texts and online brochures. The major impact of technology in the tourism and hospitality industries is in the distribution and marketing sectors. However, less attention is paid to areas that are human-intensive such as supplier-consumer and guest-host relationships. The main types of technologies applied in the tourism and hospitality industries include; mobile communication, the internet, computer and reservation systems. With advancement in technology, the tourism and hospitality companies can communicate with travelers through devices such as mobile phones and tablets. Different companies may opt for different forms of communications for example email, GPS tagging or text messages. According to Zeng (2014), through the internet, travelers are able to have a reconnaissance by visiting the companies websites where photos of location are availed which gives them of a clue of their plan destination. Computer systems are used by tourism and hospitality companies to connect their branches and allow easier communication between staff and customers. Through computer systems, the company can gather information about guest preferences and experience. The reservation systems which are mainly booking engines enable the travelers to make a price comparison and also reservations. Some of the available booking engines within the industry that are online include the Expedia and Orbitz. Neuhofer (2014) eludes that through booking engines, tourism and hospitality companies incur low costs by regulating their purchasing processes and call volume. A significant transformation in the tourism and travel industries is evident with improvement in information technology which incorporates sustainable offline and online services. Through Information Technology, some travel companies use e-commerce websites to help travelers in accessing information about the available reservation systems. According to Law (2014), the clients can choose their travel destination since the information available is of high quality and diversity. Mobile technologies have also been applied in the travel industries for access and booking of various options in travel is made easier for the clients using their mobile devices like tablets. In a nutshell, the synergy between the travel industry and information technology is necessary since the specific travel destination of a client is achieved and also travel services solution. Leung (2013) denotes that the purchase decision of customers intending to buy tourism commodities is determined by the nature of the companys website. To gain customers preference, the website must be easier to access. A successful website can be developed by first having a clear understanding of various perceptions by the customers. A comparison study showed that international tourists are more sophisticated than domestic tourists in their choice on what products to purchase (Xiang, 2015). The customers perception is based on; house-keeping, room-size, and front-desk services. A similar study showed that customers from China were more likely to rely on electronic word-of-mouth rather than hotel branding in online reservations. Modern advancements in Information Technology have made the internet preferable for tourists to research and plan for their travel. Take for instance the IPK which is an internet travel monitor based in Europe. A survey conducted on this monitor system showed those two years after its development, 26 percent of people had started using it. However, 74 percent of the population did not access the internet monitor system. According to Xiang (2015), the major internet travel sites are; E-booking and E-travel by destination. A survey showed that Germany registered the highest number of internet travel-bookings. France and Spain are the leading countries in E-travel concerning market share. On the other hand, USA leads in E-travel concerning destinations. Zeng (2014) asserts that online information search ranking is influenced by the foll owing factors; demographic, contextual and psychological. It is also crucial to consider the type of source information available for the tourist. The extent of available information is also a factor to consider. Conclusion In this paper, the efficacy of Information Technology in the tourism and hospitality industries is evident. Websites designed by companies help in marketing themselves. It is important for managers to consider issues relating to Information Technology and incorporate Information Technology in line with the achievement of set goals and overall mission of the business. References Benckendorff, P. J., Sheldon. P.J.,Tesenmaier D.R. (2014) Tourism informationtechnology.Cabi. Law.R., Buhalis, D., Cobanoglu, C. (2014).Progress of information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism.International journals of Contemporary HospitalityManagement. Leung, D., Law. R., Van Hoof. H.,Buhalis. D. (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. Neuhofer, B., Buhalis. B., Ladkin, A. (2014). A typology of technology- enhanced tourism experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research. Xiang.Z., Wang.D., O Leary. J. T., Tesenmaier, D.R. (2015). Adapting to the internet: Trends in travellers use of the web for trip planning.Journal of Travel Research. Zeng, B., Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review.Tourism Management Perspectives.

Criminal Procedure Sample Essay

Criminal Procedure Sample EssayA criminal procedure sample essay is an essay that is taken from real life cases. The purpose of this is to allow a student to see how the real law works. It will provide a better understanding of what the judge or attorney is looking for in a case. This type of essay can also be used to teach students about the law.This type of essay is also used to demonstrate the workings of the judicial system. A student should understand what is going on in a case to fully understand what the judge or attorney is looking for. Without being familiar with this type of writing, a student will not be able to fully grasp all the rules of the court.Students must understand the importance of the facts and good information when creating these type of essays. Students should make sure they gather good information before writing the paper. A good way to know if a particular source is good is to use the research tools.Good research can be done by using a research tool such as the internet. There are many sources of information. Students should find the one that is reliable and learn about the topic thoroughly. From there, they can then search for facts.The students should also consider the methods they would use in a real case. They should use the same method they would use in a court case to make their essay a successful one. Not every court uses the same method, so students should consider this. All students should understand the legal process and the way things work.All material needs to be kept accurate and not leave anything out. When writing a paper on a case, it is important to give the reader the information they need. It is not possible to give every detail in a class.A good reference is always provided to help the student understand the way a case works. The professor provides a concise way to explain something. This helps the student to understand the process better.Using a criminal procedure sample essay is a great way to educate a student a bout the law. It helps to provide the students with a specific way a case works. If a student is unsure of how something works, they should consider finding a good resource.

Current Concept And Machanisms In The Pathogenesis Of Atherosclerosis Essay Example

Current Concept And Machanisms In The Pathogenesis Of Atherosclerosis Paper Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death and disability in the developed world. Despite our familiarity with the disease, some of its fundamental characteristics remain poorly recognized and understood. Although many generalized or systemic risk factors predispose to its development, atherosclerosis affects various regions of the circulation preferentially and yields distinct clinical manifestations depending on the particular circulatory bed affected. Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries commonly causes myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis of the arteries supplying the central nervous system frequently provokes strokes and transient cerebral ischemia. In the peripheral circulation, atherosclerosis causes intermittent claudication and gangrene and can jeopardize limb viability. Involvement of the splanchnic circulation can cause mesenteric ischemia. Atherosclerosis can affect the kidneys either directly (e. g. , renal artery stenosis) or as a frequent site of atheroembolic disease. Even with in a given arterial bed, atherosclerosis tends to occur focally, typically in certain predisposed regions. In the coronary circulation, for example, the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery exhibits a particular predilection for developing atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Likewise atherosclerosis preferentially affects the proximal portions of the renal arteries and in the extracranial circulation to the brain, the carotid bifurcation. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Concept And Machanisms In The Pathogenesis Of Atherosclerosis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Current Concept And Machanisms In The Pathogenesis Of Atherosclerosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Current Concept And Machanisms In The Pathogenesis Of Atherosclerosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Indeed, atherosclerosis lesions often form at branching points of arteries, regions of disturbed blood flow. Not all manifestations of atherosclerosis result from stenotic, occlusive disease. Ectasia and development of aneurismal disease, for example, frequently occur in the aorta. The mechanisms that underlie this discontinuous anatomic distribution of atherosclerosis remain uncertain. (Rodney A. White, White A. , Ramadan Shaafi, White A. White, 1989) Atherosclerosis manifests itself focally not only in space, as just described, but in time as well. Atherogenesis in humans typically occurs over a period of many years, usually many decades. Growth of atherosclerotic plaques probably does not occur in a smooth linear fashion, but rather discontinuously, with periods of relative quiescence punctuated by periods of rapid evolution. After a generally prolonged silent period, atherosclerosis may become clinically manifest. The clinical expressions of atherosclerosis may be chronic, as in the development of stable, effort-induced angina pectoris or of predictable and reproducible intermittent claudication. Alternatively, a much more dramatic acute clinical event such as myocardial infarction, a cerebrovascular accident, or sudden cardiac death may first herald the presence of atherosclerosis. Other individuals may never experience clinical manifestations of arterial disease despite the presence of widespread atherosclerosis demonstrated post mortem. INITIATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS FATTY STREAK FORMATION An integrated view of experimental results in animal and study of human atherosclerosis suggests that the fatty streak represents the initial lesion of atherosclerosis. The formation of these early lesions of atherosclerosis most often seems to arise from focal increases in the content of lipo-protein within regions of the intima. These accumulations of lipoprotein particles may not result simply from an increased permeability or leakiness of the over lining endothelium. Rather this lipoprotein may collect in the intima of arteries because they bind to constituent of the extracellular matrix, increasing the residence time of the lipid- rich particles within the arterial wall. Lipoproteins that accumulate in the extra cellular space of the intima of arteries often associate with proteoglycan molecules of the arterial extracellular matrix, an interaction that may promote the retention of lipoproteins by binding them and slowing their egress from the intima. (James S. C. Gilchrist, Paramjit S. (EDT) Tappia, Thomas (EDT) Netticadan, 2003) Lipoprotein particles in the extracellular space of the intima particularly those born to matrix macromolecules, may undergo chemical modification. Accumulating evidence supports a pathogenic role for such modifications of lipoproteins in atherogenesis. Two types of such alterations in lipoproteins bear particular interest in the context of understanding how risk factors actually promote atherogenesis: oxidation and nonenzymatic glycation. Lipoprotein Oxidation Lipoprotein sequested from plasma antioxidants in the extracellular space of the intima become susceptible to oxidative modification. Oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein (LDL), rather than being defined homogerous entity, actually comprises a variable and incompletely defined mixture. Both the lipid and protein moieties of these particles cab participate in oxidative modification. Modifications of the lipids may include formation of hydroperoxides, lysophospholipids, oxysterols, and aldehydic breakdown products of fatty acids. Modifications of the apoprotein moieties may include breaks in the peptide backbone as well as derivatization of certain amino acid residues. A more recently recognized modification may result from local hypochlorous acid production by inflammatory cells within the plaques, giving rise to chlorinated species such as chlorotyrosyl moieties. Considerable evidence supports the presence of such oxidation products in atherosclerotic lesions. Nonenzymatic Glycation In diabetic patients with sustained hyperglycemia, nonenzymatic glycation of apolipoproteins and other arterial proteins likely occurs that may alter their function and propensity to accelerate atherogenesis. A good deal of experimental work suggests that both oxidatively modified and glycated lipoproteins or their constituents can contribute to many of the subsequent cellular events of lesion development. LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT After the accumulation of extracellular lipids, recruitment of leukocyte occurs as a second step in the formation of the fatty streak. The white blood cells types typically found in the evolving atheroma include primarily cells of the mononuclear lineage; monocytes and lymphocytes. A number of adhesion molecules or receptor for leukocyte expressed on the surface of the arterial endothelial cell likely participitate in the recruitment of leukocyte to the nascent fatty streak. Constituent of oxidatively modified LDL can augment expression of leukocyte adhesion molecule. This example of illustrate how the accumulation of lipoprotein in the arterial intima may link mechanistically with leukocyte recruitment and subsequent events in the lesion formation. (Pierre-Jean Touboul, J. R. Crouse, 1997) Laminar shear forces such as those encountered in most regions of normal artery can also suppress of the expression of leukocyte adhesion, example branch points often have disturbed laminar flow. Ordered laminar shear of normal blood flow augments the production of nitric oxide by endothelial cells. This molecule in addition to its vasodilator properties can act at the low levels constitutively produced by arterial endothelium as a local anti-inflammatory autacoid, for example limiting local adhesion molecule expression. These examples indicate how hemodynamic forces may influence the cellular that underlie atherosclerotic lesion initiation and provide a potential explanation for the local distribution of atherosclerotic lesions at certain sites predetermined by altered flow pattern. Once adherent to the surface of the surface of the arterial endothelial cell via interaction with adhesion receptors, the monocytes and lymphocytes penetrates the endothelial layer and take out residence in the intima in addition to products of modified lipoprotein, cytokines can regulate the expression of adhesion molecules involved in the leukocyte recruitment. For example, the cytokines interlukin one (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induce or augment the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. Because modified lipoprotein can induce cytokines release from vascular wall cells, this pathway may provide an additional link between accumulation and modification of lipoprotein and leukocyte recruitment. The directed migration of leukocyte into the arterial wall may also result from the action of modified lipoprotein. For example, oxidized LDL may promote the chemotaxis of leukocyte. Also, oxidatively modified lipoprotein can elicit the production by vascular wall cells of chemoattractant cytokines such as monocytes chemoattractant protein-1. (Frank Kessel, Patricia L. Rosenfield, Norman B. Anderson, 2003) FOAM CELL FORMATION Once resident within the intima the mononuclear phagocyte differentiate into macrophages and transform into lipid-laden foam cells. The conversion of mononuclear phagocytes into foam cells requires the uptake of lipoprotein particles by receptomediated endocytosis. One might suppose that the well recognized classical receptor for LDL mediated the lipid uptake. Patients or animals lacking effective LDL receptors due to genetic alterations however have abundant arterial lesions and extraarterial xanthomata rich in macrophage derived foam cells. Also the exogenous cholesterol suppresses expression of the LDL receptor, such that under hypercholesterolemic conditions the level of this cell surface receptor for LDL decreased. Candidates for alternative receptors that can mediate lipid-loading of foam cells include a growing number of macrophage scavenger receptors, which preferentially endocytose modified lipoproteins and other receptors for oxidized LDL or beta-VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) a type of lipoprotein commonly encountered in certain hypercholerterolemic states. By ingesting lipids from the extracellular space the mononuclear phagocytes bearing such scavenger receptors may remove lipoproteins from the developing lesion. Some lipid loaded macrophages may leave the artery wall, functioning to clear lipid from the artery. Lipid accumulation and hence propensity to form atheroma, ensues if the amount of lipid entering the artery wall exceeds that exported by mononuclear phagocytes or other pathways. Macrophages may thus play a vital role in the dynamic economy of lipid accumulation in the arterial wall during atherogenesis. Some lipid laden foam cells within the expanding intimal lesion perish. Some foam cells may die as a result of programmed cell death known as apoptosis. This death of mononuclear phagocytes results in formation of the lipid rich center often called necrotic core, of more complicated atherosclerotic plaques. (Shari R. Waldstein, Merrill E Elias, 2001) Macrophages taking up modified lipoproteins much like intrinsic vascular wall cells may elaborate cytokines and growth factors that can further signal some of the cellular events in lesion complication. A number of growth factors or cytokines elaborated by mononuclear phagocytes can stimulate smooth-muscle cell proliferation and production of extracellular matrix, which accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques. Cytokines found in the plaque including IL-1 or TNF – alpha can induce local production of growth factors such as forms of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor and others that may contribute to plaque evolution and complication. Other cytokines, notably interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) derived from activated T cells within lesions can inhibit smooth muscle proliferation and synthesis of interstitial forms of collagen. These examples illustrate how atherogenesis likely depends on a complex balance between mediators that can promote lesion formation and other pathways that can mitigate the atherogenic process. (Aron Wolfe Siegman, Timothy W. Smith, 1994) FACTORS THAT MODULATE INHIBITATION OF ATHEROMA Elaboration of small molecules by activated mononuclear phagocytes and vascular wall cells in the evolving lesion may also modulate atherogenesis. Notably reactive oxygen species can modulate growth of smooth muscle cells, activate inflammatory gene expression via the nuclear factor kappa beta (NFk beta) transcriptional control system and annihilate NO radicals, decreasing the effect of this endogenous vasodilator. However macrophage in the lesion may be activated to express the inducible form of the enzyme that can synthesize NO, known as inducible NO synthase. This high capacity form of the enzyme can produce relatively large, potentially cytotoxic amounts of No radicals. While at the low concentrations of NO produced by the constitutive NO synthase in endothelial cells, this radical may produce beneficial effects; when overproduced by activated phagocytes, however it may prove deleterious. Export by phagocytes may constitute one response to local lipid overload in the evolving lesion. Another mechanism, reverse cholesterol transport mediated by high density lipoproteins (HDL), may provide an independent pathway for lipid removal from atheroma. This transfer of cholesterol from the cell to HDL particle involves specialized cell surface molecules such as the ATP binding cassette transporter (ABCA1) (the gene mutated in tangier disease, a condition characterized by very low HDL levels) and a family of scavenger receptors (the B family). Such reverse cholesterol transport explains part of HDL’s antiatherogenic action. (Richard O. Cannon, Julio A. Panza, 1999) Although clear evidence supports lipoprotein disorder as predisposing factors for atheroma formation, other etiologies may contribute to or modulate atherogenesis. For example hypertension constitutes an independent risk factor for coronary events. Male gender and the postmenopausal state also augment the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Premenopausal women have increased HDL levels compared to age matched men. However a favorable lipoprotein pattern only partially accounts for the protection against atherosclerosis conferred by the premenopausal state. Although laboratory studies suggest that estrogens have direct beneficial effects on the arterial wall, clinical trials have not shown that estrogen replacement therapy prevents recurrent myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Indeed treatment with a combination of estrogen and progesterone appears to augment cardiovascular events in women with or without prior myocardial infarction. (Susan Wilansky, James T. Willerson, 2002) Diabetes mellitus aggravates atherogenesis. In addition to the well known microvascular complications of diabetes, macrovascular disease such as atherosclerosis causes a great deal of excess mortality in the diabetic population. Diabetes associated dyslipidemias strongly promote atherogenesis. In particular the constellation of insulin resistance, high triglycerides and low HDL often in association with the central adiposity and hypertension frequently seen in type 2 diabetic patients, seems to accelerate atherogenesis potently. As noted above hyperglycemia may promote the nonenzymatic glycation of LDL, LDL modified in this manner, like oxidatively modified LDL, may signal many of the initial events in atherogenesis. Triglyceriderich lipoprotein particles often elevated in poorly controlled diabetic patients also accentuate atherogenesis. Lp(a) (often pronounced lipoprotein little a to distinguish it from apolipoprotein AI and others found in HDL) provides a potential link between hemostasis and blood lipids. The Lp(a) particle consists of an apoprotein (a) molecule bound by a sulfhydryl link to the apolipoprotein B moiety of an LDL particle. Apoprotein (a) has homology with plasminogen and may inhibit fibrinolysis by competing with plasminogen. Other risk factors for atherosclerosis related to blood clotting include elevated levels of fibrinogen or of the inhibitor of fibrinolysis, plasminogen – activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Another nonlipid risk factor for coronary events, elevated levels of homocysteine, may act by promoting thrombosis, although the pathophysiology of this association is uncertain at present. Although individuals with marked elevations of Lp(a) or homocysteine do appear to have heightened risk of coronary thrombosis, in the population at large these factors show a much weaker correlation with vascular events than LDL, HDL, or the global inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP). (Philip M. McCabe, Neil Schneiderman, Tiffany Field, A. Rodney Wellens, 2002) The relationship between tobacco use and atherosclerosis also remains poorly understood. The rapid reduction in risk for cardiac events after cessation of cigarette smoking implies that tobacco may promote thrombosis or some other determinant of plaque stability as well as contribute to the evolution of the atherosclerotic lesion itself. For example tobacco smokers have elevated fibrinogen levels a variable associated with increased atherosclerosis and acute cardiovascular events. INFLAMMATION In other situations, antecedent inflammatory states may predispose toward atherosclerosis. For example Kawasaki disease in childhood may promote developments of vascular lesions in the arteries of adults. Infectious agents continue to be proposed as instigators or potentiators of atherogenesis. However in humans atherogenic role for vital or microbial pathogens remains speculative. In some patients immune or autoimmune reactions may contribute to atherogenesis. In the particular example of the accelerated form of coronary arteriopathy that plagues heart transplant recipients, immunologic factors may contribute importantly to the pathogenesis. (James Shepherd, Sheperd and Gaw, Allan Gaw, 2001) Known monogenic defects in lipoprotein metabolism account for only a fraction of the familial risk for coronary artery disease. Thus other as yet undefined and perhaps multiple genetic factors may contribute to coronary risk. Mechanisms of disease susceptibility involving the arterial wall might account for some of the genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis unexplained by lipoprotein disorders. Application of molecular genetic techniques may identify new polymorphisms linked to coronary risk and may eventually shed light on new pathophysiologic mechanisms. For example some data suggest a link between certain alleles of the genes encoding angiotensin converting enzyme, the cytokine lymphotoxin, or PAI-1 with increased risk of myocardial infarction. Application of genomic technologies may aid identification of modifier genes that modulate individual responses to established risk factors. Large studies currently in progress should clarify these and other potential genetic factors that influence atherosclerosis. REFERENCES: Aron Wolfe Siegman, Timothy W. Smith, 1994. Anger, Hostility, and the Heart; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Frank Kessel, Patricia L. Rosenfield, Norman B. Anderson, 2003. Expanding the Boundaries of Health and Social Science: Case Studies in Interdisciplinary Innovation; Oxford University Press James Shepherd, Sheperd and Gaw, Allan Gaw, 2001. Lipids and Atherosclerosis; Taylor Francis James S. C. Gilchrist, Paramjit S. (EDT) Tappia, Thomas (EDT) Netticadan, 2003. Biochemistry of Diabetes and Atherosclerosis; Springer Philip M. McCabe, Neil Schneiderman, Tiffany Field, A. Rodney Wellens, 2002. Stress, Coping, and Cardiovascular Disease; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Pierre-Jean Touboul, J. R. Crouse, 1997. Intima-Media Thickness and Atherosclerosis: Predicting the Risk? ; Taylor Francis Richard O. Cannon, Julio A. Panza, 1999. Endothelium, Nitric Oxide, and Atherosclerosis: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Implications; Blackwell Publishing Rodney A. White, White A. , Ramadan Shaafi, White A. White, 1989. Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis: human pathology and experimental animal methods and models; CRC Press Shari R. Waldstein, Merrill E Elias, 2001. Neuropsychology of Cardiovascular Disease; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Susan Wilansky, James T. Willerson, 2002. Heart Disease in Women; Churchill Livingstone